Hishyal zhamanakashrjanum rusakan gyugherum goyutyun e unecel «hyurynkalakan por nkutyun»: Hraparakaxos S. Shashkovy grel e. «Rusatani hyusisum tuny vardzakalutyan tvac gyughacin kenvorin arajarkel e naev ir knojy kam aghjkan: bnakanaba8, avelacnelov vardzavtchary: Oryoli nahangi Bolxovskoye gavari gyugherum sovorutyun e eghel patvavor hyurerin (datavornerin, gragirnerin, arevtrakannerin ev ayln) marmnakan hatchuyqneri hamar arajarkel irenc kananc kam harsnerin, ete vordin herunerum e: Ynd vorum pragmatik gyughacinery chen moracel cucabervogh carayutyunneri vardzn arnel: Nuyn gavari Mashkov ev Konevka gyugherum aghqat gyughacinern aranc qashvelu irenc kananc ugharkel en karavarchi kam mek ayl unevor mardu tun: yndameny cxaxoti kam haci phoghi dimac: knojic pahanjelov, vor na vtcharumy katari ir marmnov»:

Geghjkuhinery eghel en qaghaqneri hasarakac tneri himnakan andznakazmy: Dranq eghel en ayn kanayq, voronq qaghaq en ekel phogh ashxatelu hamar: Kaysrutyan bazum xoshor qaghaqnern irar kapogh erkatughayin canci karucumn apahovum e ashxatanq phntrogh geghjkuhineri anyndhat hosqy qaghaq: Qayqayvogh gyugheri eritasard kananc mec masy chi karoghanum qaghaqum harmar ashxatanq gtnel kam aynpisi ashxatanq e katarum, vory chnchin ekamut e apahovum, vori pattcharov el nrancic shatery sksum en serakan carayutyunner matucel: Ete 19-rd dari 90-akannerin Peterburgi marmnavatcharneri yndhanur tvi miayn 47, 6 tokosn en geghjkuhinery kazmel, apa 1910 tvakanin nranc tesakarar kshiry kazmel e 70 tokos:

19-rd dari verji – 20-rd dari skzbi rus gyughacineri verabermunqy kusutyan nkatmamb paymanavorac e eghel rusakan gyughi kyanqi avandakan drvacqi dzevaphoxmamb: Yntaniqi, hamaynqi, temi kargavorogh deri nvazman paymannerum gyughakan bnakchutyan atchogh socialakan mobilutyuny hangecnum e gyughi baroyakan himqeri xarxlmany, ev, hetevabar, serakan haraberutyunneri volortum mec azatutyan: Qaghaqi het gyughacineri hatchaxakiacogh kapery ev nranc socialakan kargavitchaki phophoxutyuny qandum en yntanekan kapery, phoxum avandakan patkeracumnery aghjkakan patvi u amusnakan havatarmutyan masin:

Serakan hancagorcutyunnery gyughaciakan mijavayrum:

1861 tvakani reformin hajordac tarinerin Rusastanum qreakan iravitchaki vattaracman paymannerum atchum e naev serakan bnuyti hancagorcutyunneri tivy: Yst vostikanutyan tvyalneri: 1874 – 1883 tvakannerin dranc tivi tarekan kazmel e 1800, 1884 – 1893 tverin: tarekan 3100, isk 1894 – 1905 tverin: tarekan 9700: Vitchakagrutyuny cuyc e talis, vor ereq tasnamyakum serakan hancagorcutyunneri qanaky erkrum atchel e aveli qan hing angam: Pattcharn ayn e, vor hasarakakan kyanqi ardiakanacman yntacqum phoxvel en koghmnoroshumnern u varqi chaphanishnery, isk da hangecnum e varqi sheghumneri u hancagorcutyan:

1857 – 1866 tvakannerin Tambovi nahangum grancvel e 8596 hancagorcutyun, drancic 90-y serakan brnutyun e eghel: 1881 – 1905 tvakannerin ays nuyn Tambovi nahangum knoj pativn aratavorogh hancagorcutyunneri hamar datapartvel e 162 mard:

Rusakan gyughi bnakchi avandakan ymbrnmamb: knoj patvi aratavorumy canr hancagorcutyun e hamarvel: Zhoghovrdagrakan handznaxmbi tghtakci haghordman hamadzayn: Tambovi nahangum «knojy brnabarely hamarvel e amenaanpativ hancagorcutyuny: Brnabarvac aghjiky, amusnanalov, vochinch chi korcnum, bayc brnabaroghy hanuri caghri ararkan e darnum. zhoghovurdy nranic heru e qashvum, ev amen aghjik chi hamardzakvum nra het amusnanal: ete na nuynisk harust e»:

Bayc amen tegh aydpisin chi eghel verabermnunqy: Orinak: Oryoli nahangum brnabarutyan depqery xstoren chen datapartvel, yndhakaraky, dranc liovin antarberutyamb en verabervel: Ays nahangi geghjkuhinery knoj brnabarutyan depqum asel en. «Ete cankapat chka, amen inch hnaravor e», isk aghjikneri arumov el ayspes en artahaytvel. «Ete qacy chuzena, vordz shuny nra vra chi catki»: Tepet Rusakan kaysrutyan orensdrutyuny minchev ut tarva tazhanakir ashxatanq e sahmanel minchev 14 tarekan aghjkan brnabarelu hamar, bayc shat hatchax knoj patvi u arzhanapatvutyan nkatmamb votndzgutyuny dataqnnutyan ararka chi dardzel: Ete aydpisi ban e teghi unecel, patizhy nuynisk shat meghm e eghel: 1884 tvakanin Samarayi nahangi gyugheric mekum erku gyughaci brnabarum en kuys aghjkan, bayc datarany nranc yndameny 10 rubli tuganq e nshanakum: hogut aghjka cnoghneri ev kes duyl oghi: hogut datavorneri:

(sharunakeli)